explosives technology

1) техника, методика

2) технология

3) специальная терминология

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- adapted technology

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технология

f; -, -en

1. nur Sg. (Technologie) technology; angewandte: meist engineering, applied technology; Studienfach: engineering; die moderne Technik modern ( oder today’s) technology; hoch entwickelte Technik advanced ( oder high) technology; Technik ist angewandte Wissenschaft technology is science in action ( oder at work); nach den anerkannten Regeln der Technik in accordance with the (well-known) laws of engineering; von Technik verstehe ich gar nichts I don’t know the first thing about technical matters, I’m hopeless with anything technical ( oder when it comes to technical things); Stand 2

2. (Methode, Verfahren) technique (auch KUNST, SPORT etc.), method, procedure, routine; hoch entwickelte oder verfeinerte Techniken advanced techniques

3. nur Sg.; SPORT, KUNST (Können) technique, technical ability, mastery; er verfügt über eine hervorragende Technik he has superb technique ( oder prodigious technical ability)

4. nur Sg. (technische Ausrüstung) technology, technical resources Pl. ( oder equipment); eine Firma mit modernster Technik a company using state-of-the-art technology

5. nur Sg. (technische Beschaffenheit einer Maschine etc.) mechanics Pl., operation

6. nur Sg. (Abteilung) technical department, engineering side umg.; jemanden von der Technik rufen send for one of the technical people

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technology; technics; science; technique

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f -, -en

1) (no pl = Technologie) technology; (esp als Studienfach) engineering

2) (= Arbeitsweise, Verfahren) technique

3) (no pl = Funktionsweise und Aufbau) (von Auto, Motor etc) mechanics pl

4) (SCH = Schulfach) (= Haushaltslehre) home economics; (= Werken) technical studies

5) (inf = technische Abteilung) technical department, back-room boys pl (inf)

6) (Aus inf = Technische Hochschule) institute of technology

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1) (the ways in which something works or is applied: the mechanics of the legal system.) mechanic

2) (the way in which a (usually skilled) process is, or should be, carried out: They admired the pianist's faultless technique.) technique

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1. kein pl (Technologie) technology

auf dem neuesten Stand der \Technik state-of-the-art technology

2. kein pl (technische Ausstattung) technical equipment

mit modernster \Technik ausgestattet equipped with the most modern technology

3. kein pl (technische Konstruktion) technology

4. (besondere Methode) technique

jeder Hochspringer hat seine eigene \Technik every high jumper has his own technique

5. inv (fam: technische Abteilung) technical department

6. ÖSTERR (technische Hochschule) college of technology

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1) o. Pl. technology; (Studienfach) engineering no art.

2) o. Pl. (Ausrüstung) equipment; machinery

3) (Arbeitsweise, Verfahren) technique

4) o. Pl. (eines Gerätes) workings pl

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…technik f im subst: meist … technology, …engineering, … technique(s pl); → Technik;

Arbeitstechnik (Wissensbereich) industrial engineering; (Verfahren) work(-ing) technique;

Schweißtechnik welding engineering ( oder technology);

Sprengtechnik explosives technology;

Verfahrenstechnik process engineering;

Wurftechnik SPORT throwing technique

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1) o. Pl. technology; (Studienfach) engineering no art.

2) o. Pl. (Ausrüstung) equipment; machinery

3) (Arbeitsweise, Verfahren) technique

4) o. Pl. (eines Gerätes) workings pl

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engineering n.

technics n.

technique n.

technology n.

f, im Subst.: meist... technology,...engineering,... technique(s Pl.); Technik; Arbeitstechnik (Wissensbereich) industrial engineering; (Verfahren) work (-ing) technique; Schweißtechnik welding engineering ( oder technology); Sprengtechnik explosives technology; Verfahrenstechnik process engineering; Wurftechnik SPORT throwing technique

1) Военный термин: Center for Explosives Technology Research

2) Техника: Consolidated Edison Thorium Reactor

SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Mining and extraction technology, Weapons and armour

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The son of a barber-surgeon who deserted his family to serve in the Swedish army, Nobel showed little interest in academic pursuits as a child and was sent to sea at the age of 16, but jumped ship in Egypt and was eventually employed as an architect by the pasha. Returning to Sweden, he won a scholarship to the Stockholm School of Architecture, where he studied from 1821 to 1825 and was awarded a number of prizes. His interest then leaned towards mechanical matters and he transferred to the Stockholm School of Engineering. Designs for linen-finishing machines won him a prize there, and he also patented a means of transforming rotary into reciprocating movement. He then entered the real-estate business and was successful until a fire in 1833 destroyed his house and everything he owned. By this time he had married and had two sons, with a third, Alfred (of Nobel Prize fame; see Alfred Nobel), on the way. Moving to more modest quarters on the outskirts of Stockholm, Immanuel resumed his inventions, concentrating largely on India rubber, which he applied to surgical instruments and military equipment, including a rubber knapsack.

It was talk of plans to construct a canal at Suez that first excited his interest in explosives. He saw them as a means of making mining more efficient and began to experiment in his backyard. However, this made him unpopular with his neighbours, and the city authorities ordered him to cease his investigations. By this time he was deeply in debt and in 1837 moved to Finland, leaving his family in Stockholm. He hoped to interest the Russians in land and sea mines and, after some four years, succeeded in obtaining financial backing from the Ministry of War, enabling him to set up a foundry and arms factory in St Petersburg and to bring his family over. By 1850 he was clear of debt in Sweden and had begun to acquire a high reputation as an inventor and industrialist. His invention of the horned contact mine was to be the basic pattern of the sea mine for almost the next 100 years, but he also created and manufactured a central-heating system based on hot-water pipes. His three sons, Ludwig, Robert and Alfred, had now joined him in his business, but even so the outbreak of war with Britain and France in the Crimea placed severe pressures on him. The Russians looked to him to convert their navy from sail to steam, even though he had no experience in naval propulsion, but the aftermath of the Crimean War brought financial ruin once more to Immanuel. Amongst the reforms brought in by Tsar Alexander II was a reliance on imports to equip the armed forces, so all domestic arms contracts were abruptly cancelled, including those being undertaken by Nobel. Unable to raise money from the banks, Immanuel was forced to declare himself bankrupt and leave Russia for his native Sweden. Nobel then reverted to his study of explosives, particularly of how to adapt the then highly unstable nitroglycerine, which had first been developed by Ascanio Sobrero in 1847, for blasting and mining. Nobel believed that this could be done by mixing it with gunpowder, but could not establish the right proportions. His son Alfred pursued the matter semi-independently and eventually evolved the principle of the primary charge (and through it created the blasting cap), having taken out a patent for a nitroglycerine product in his own name; the eventual result of this was called dynamite. Father and son eventually fell out over Alfred's independent line, but worse was to follow. In September 1864 Immanuel's youngest son, Oscar, then studying chemistry at Uppsala University, was killed in an explosion in Alfred's laboratory: Immanuel suffered a stroke, but this only temporarily incapacitated him, and he continued to put forward new ideas. These included making timber a more flexible material through gluing crossed veneers under pressure and bending waste timber under steam, a concept which eventually came to fruition in the form of plywood.

In 1868 Immanuel and Alfred were jointly awarded the prestigious Letterstedt Prize for their work on explosives, but Alfred never for-gave his father for retaining the medal without offering it to him.

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SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Weapons and armour

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His family came from Germany and he was the son of a music master. He first became interested in science at the age of 14, when visiting his mineralogist uncle in Hamburg, and studied chemistry at the Royal Polytechnic Institution in London. In 1845 he became one of the twenty-six founding students, under A.W.von Hofmann, of the Royal College of Chemistry. Such was his aptitude for the subject that within two years he became von Hermann's assistant and demonstrator. In 1851 Abel was appointed Lecturer in Chemistry, succeeding Michael Faraday, at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and it was while there that he wrote his Handbook of Chemistry, which was co-authored by his assistant, Charles Bloxam.

Abel's four years at the Royal Military Academy served to foster his interest in explosives, but it was during his thirty-four years, beginning in 1854, as Ordnance Chemist at the Royal Arsenal and at Woolwich that he consolidated and developed his reputation as one of the international leaders in his field. In 1860 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, but it was his studies during the 1870s into the chemical changes that occur during explosions, and which were the subject of numerous papers, that formed the backbone of his work. It was he who established the means of storing gun-cotton without the danger of spontaneous explosion, but he also developed devices (the Abel Open Test and Close Test) for measuring the flashpoint of petroleum. He also became interested in metal alloys, carrying out much useful work on their composition. A further avenue of research occurred in 1881 when he was appointed a member of the Royal Commission set up to investigate safety in mines after the explosion that year in the Sealham Colliery. His resultant study on dangerous dusts did much to further understanding on the use of explosives underground and to improve the safety record of the coal-mining industry. The achievement for which he is most remembered, however, came in 1889, when, in conjunction with Sir James Dewar, he invented cordite. This stable explosive, made of wood fibre, nitric acid and glycerine, had the vital advantage of being a "smokeless powder", which meant that, unlike the traditional ammunition propellant, gunpowder ("black powder"), the firer's position was not given away when the weapon was discharged. Although much of the preliminary work had been done by the Frenchman Paul Vieille, it was Abel who perfected it, with the result that cordite quickly became the British Army's standard explosive.

Abel married, and was widowed, twice. He had no children, but died heaped in both scientific honours and those from a grateful country.

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SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Weapons and armour

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Alfred's father, Immanuel Nobel, builder, industrialist and inventor, encouraged his sons to follow his example of inventiveness. Alfred's education was interrupted when the family moved to St Petersburg, but was continued privately and was followed by a period of travel. He thus acquired a good knowledge of chemistry and became an excellent linguist.

During the Crimean War, Nobel worked for his father's firm in supplying war materials. The cancellation of agreements with the Russian Government at the end of the war bankrupted the firm, but Alfred and his brother Immanuel continued their interest in explosives, working on improved methods of making nitroglycerine. In 1863 Nobel patented his first major invention, a detonator that introduced the principle of detonation by shock, by using a small charge of nitroglycerine in a metal cap with detonating or fulminating mercury. Two years later Nobel set up the world's first nitroglycerine factory in an isolated area outside Stockholm. This led to several other plants and improved methods for making and handling the explosive. Yet Nobel remained aware of the dangers of liquid nitroglycerine, and after many experiments he was able in 1867 to take out a patent for dynamite, a safe, solid and pliable form of nitroglycerine, mixed with kieselguhr. At last, nitroglycerine, discovered by Sobrero in 1847, had been transformed into a useful explosive; Nobel began to promote a worldwide industry for its manufacture. Dynamite still had disadvantages, and Nobel continued his researches until, in 1875, he achieved blasting gelatin, a colloidal solution of nitrocellulose (gun cotton) in nitroglycerine. In many ways it proved to be the ideal explosive, more powerful than nitroglycerine alone, less sensitive to shock and resistant to moisture. It was variously called Nobel's Extra Dynamite, blasting gelatin and gelignite. It immediately went into production.

Next, Nobel sought a smokeless powder for military purposes, and in 1887 he obtained a nearly smokeless blasting powder using nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose with 10 per cent camphor. Finally, a progressive, smokeless blasting powder was developed in 1896 at his San Remo laboratory.

Nobel's interests went beyond explosives into other areas, such as electrochemistry, optics and biology; his patents amounted to 355 in various countries. However, it was the manufacture of explosives that made him a multimillionaire. At his death he left over £2 million, which he willed to funding awards "to those who during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind".

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1) Медицина: asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia

2) Спорт: Automatic Take Down

3) Военный термин: Aerospace Technology Division, Aviation Test Directorate, absent on temporary duty, academic training division, actual time of departure, advanced technology demonstration, advanced technology development, agreed target data, air transportable dispensary, amphibious training demonstrator, annual training duty, armament test division, automatic target designation, automatic target detection

4) Техника: advanced technical developments, advanced torpedo decoy, automatic tape degausser, automatic target designator, automatic teaching device

5) Биржевой термин: Automated Trading Desk

6) Сокращение: Advanced Tank Technologies, Advanced Technology Demonstration/Demonstrator, Automated/Automatic Target Detection

7) Вычислительная техника: Asynchronous Time Division (ATM)

8) Нефть: American Table of Distances for Storage of Explosives

9) Транспорт: Anthropomorphic Test Device

10) Деловая лексика: A Terrific Department

11) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: automated trouble detection

12) Автоматика: automatic telemetry decommutation, automatic tool dispenser

13) Собаководство: ( ASCA) Advanced Trial Dog

1) Медицина: asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia

2) Спорт: Automatic Take Down

3) Военный термин: Aerospace Technology Division, Aviation Test Directorate, absent on temporary duty, academic training division, actual time of departure, advanced technology demonstration, advanced technology development, agreed target data, air transportable dispensary, amphibious training demonstrator, annual training duty, armament test division, automatic target designation, automatic target detection

4) Техника: advanced technical developments, advanced torpedo decoy, automatic tape degausser, automatic target designator, automatic teaching device

5) Биржевой термин: Automated Trading Desk

6) Сокращение: Advanced Tank Technologies, Advanced Technology Demonstration/Demonstrator, Automated/Automatic Target Detection

7) Вычислительная техника: Asynchronous Time Division (ATM)

8) Нефть: American Table of Distances for Storage of Explosives

9) Транспорт: Anthropomorphic Test Device

10) Деловая лексика: A Terrific Department

11) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: automated trouble detection

12) Автоматика: automatic telemetry decommutation, automatic tool dispenser

13) Собаководство: ( ASCA) Advanced Trial Dog

1) Медицина: asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia

2) Спорт: Automatic Take Down

3) Военный термин: Aerospace Technology Division, Aviation Test Directorate, absent on temporary duty, academic training division, actual time of departure, advanced technology demonstration, advanced technology development, agreed target data, air transportable dispensary, amphibious training demonstrator, annual training duty, armament test division, automatic target designation, automatic target detection

4) Техника: advanced technical developments, advanced torpedo decoy, automatic tape degausser, automatic target designator, automatic teaching device

5) Биржевой термин: Automated Trading Desk

6) Сокращение: Advanced Tank Technologies, Advanced Technology Demonstration/Demonstrator, Automated/Automatic Target Detection

7) Вычислительная техника: Asynchronous Time Division (ATM)

8) Нефть: American Table of Distances for Storage of Explosives

9) Транспорт: Anthropomorphic Test Device

10) Деловая лексика: A Terrific Department

11) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: automated trouble detection

12) Автоматика: automatic telemetry decommutation, automatic tool dispenser

13) Собаководство: ( ASCA) Advanced Trial Dog

train [treɪn]

1 noun

(a) (on railway) train m; (on underground) métro m, rame f;

∎ to go by train prendre le train, aller en train;

∎ the 5 o'clock train le train de 5 heures;

∎ the Cardiff train, the train to Cardiff le train de Cardiff;

∎ I met a friend on the train j'ai rencontré un ami dans le train;

∎ to transport goods by train transporter des marchandises par voie ferrée ou rail;

∎ to the trains (sign) accès aux quais

(b) (procession → of vehicles) file f, cortège m; (→ of mules) file f; (→ of camels) caravane f; Military convoi m; (retinue) suite f, équipage m; Military équipage m;

∎ the famine brought disease in its train la maladie succéda à la famine;

∎ the evils that follow in the train of war les maux que la guerre engendre

(c) (of dress) traîne f

(d) (connected sequence) suite f, série f;

∎ in an unbroken train en succession ininterrompue;

∎ a train of events une suite d'événements;

∎ a train of thought un enchaînement d'idées;

∎ my remark interrupted her train of thought ma remarque a interrompu le fil de sa pensée ou ses pensées;

∎ to follow sb's train of thought suivre le raisonnement de qn

(e) Technology train m;

∎ train of gears train m d'engrenage

(f) formal (progress)

∎ in train en marche;

∎ to set sth in train mettre qch en marche

(g) (fuse) amorce f; (of gunpowder) traînée f (de poudre)

2 compound-forming noun

(dispute, strike) des cheminots, des chemins de fer; (reservation, ticket) de train;

∎ there is a good train service to the city la ville est bien desservie par le train;

∎ there is an hourly train service il y a des trains toutes les heures

3 transitive verb

(a) (employee, soldier) former; (voice) travailler; (ear) exercer; (animal) dresser; (mind) former; Sport entraîner;

∎ he is training sb to take over from him il forme son successeur;

∎ to train sb in a trade apprendre un métier à qn, préparer qn à un métier;

∎ she was trained in economics elle a reçu une formation d'économiste;

∎ he was trained at Sandhurst il a fait ses classes à Sandhurst;

∎ to train sb to use sth apprendre à qn à utiliser qch;

∎ he has been trained in the use of explosives il a été formé au maniement des explosifs;

∎ the dogs have been trained to detect explosives les chiens ont été dressés pour détecter les explosifs

(b) (direct, aim) braquer;

∎ he trained his gun on us il a braqué son arme sur nous

(c) (plant → by pruning) tailler; (→ by tying) palisser; (climbing plant) diriger, faire grimper

(d) familiar

∎ we trained it down to the South of France nous sommes allés en train jusque dans le Midi de la France^□

4 intransitive verb

(a) (do professional training) recevoir une formation;

∎ I trained as a translator j'ai reçu une formation de traducteur;

∎ she's training as a teacher elle suit une formation pédagogique;

∎ where did you train? où avez-vous reçu votre formation?

(b) Sport s'entraîner, se préparer

►► train set train m électrique;

train station gare f (de chemin de fer);

train surfing = pratique dangereuse qui consiste pour des jeunes à sauter sur le marche-pied d'un train qui démarre et sauter à nouveau sur le quai quand le train arrive au bout du quai

➲ train up separable transitive verb

former

1) Компьютерная техника: Encoding Information Type

2) Медицина: electrical impedance tomography

3) Американизм: Earned Income Tax

4) Военный термин: Executable Integrity Testing, electromagnetic interference testing

5) Техника: European Institute for Transuranium Elements, electrical installation test, electrical insulation tape, electrical intersystems test, electron-bombardment ion thruster, electronic installation technician

6) Архитектура: Engineer in Training

7) Сокращение: Electro Information Technology Conference, European Institute of Technology

8) Вычислительная техника: Encoded Information Type, event information table, электронная информационная технология

9) Фирменный знак: Explosives Instrumentation Technologies

10) Сетевые технологии: electronic information technology

11) НАСА: Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Telescope

12) Программное обеспечение: Easy Installation Tool

SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology

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Messel served three years as an apprentice to the chemical manufacturers E.Lucius of Frankfurt before studying chemistry at Zürich, Heidelberg and Tübingen. In 1870 he travelled to England to assist the distinguished chemist Sir Henry Roscoe, but was soon recalled to Germany on the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. After hostilities ceased, Messel returned to London to join the firm of manufacturers of sulphuric acid Dunn, Squire \& Company of Stratford, London. The firm amalgamated with Spencer Chapman, and after Messel became its Managing Director in 1878 it was known as Spencer, Chapman \& Messel Ltd.

Messel's principal contribution to chemical technology was the invention of the contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Earlier processes for making this essential product, now needed in ever-increasing quantities by the new processes for making dyestuffs, fertilizers and explosives, were based on the oxidation of sulphur dioxide by oxides of nitrogen, developed by Joshua Ward and John Roebuck. Attempts to oxidize the dioxide to the trioxide with the oxygen in the air in the presence of a suitable catalyst had so far failed because the catalyst had become "poisoned" and ineffective; Messel avoided this by using highly purified gases. The contact process produced a concentrated form of sulphuric acid called oleum. Until the outbreak of the First World War, Messel's firm was the principal manufacturer, but then the demand rose sharply, so that other firms had to engage in its manufacture. Production thereby increased from 20,000 to 450,000 tons per year.

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